Nelle disequazioni logaritmiche la novità rispetto alle equazioni è che il confronto tra argomenti dipende dalla base: se la base è maggiore di 11 il verso si conserva, se è compresa tra 00 e 11 il verso si inverte. Le condizioni di esistenza, invece, non cambiano mai. La sezione enuncia la regola, la applica in una batteria di esempi guidati con base minore di 11 e ribadisce il ruolo delle CE.

In logarithmic inequalities the novelty compared with equations is that the comparison between arguments depends on the base: if the base is greater than 11 the direction is preserved, if it is between 00 and 11 the direction is reversed. The existence conditions, on the other hand, never change. The section states the rule, applies it in a battery of guided examples with base less than 11 and reiterates the role of the ECs.

Quando si “tolgono” i logaritmi da una disequazione, il verso della disuguaglianza tra gli argomenti dipende dalla base.

Proprietà — Verso e base

logaf(x)logag(x)\log_a f(x) \lessgtr \log_a g(x) equivale, entro le CE (f,g>0f, g > 0), a:

  • f(x)g(x)f(x) \lessgtr g(x) se a>1a > 1 (stesso verso);
  • f(x)g(x)f(x) \gtrless g(x) se 0<a<10 < a < 1 (verso invertito).

Esempio — log1/2(x3)>1\log_{1/2}(x-3) > 1

CE: x3>0    x>3x - 3 > 0 \iff x > 3.

Scrittura uniforme: 1=log1/2(1/2)1 = \log_{1/2}(1/2). Quindi log1/2(x3)>log1/2(1/2)\log_{1/2}(x-3) > \log_{1/2}(1/2).

Base <1<1, verso invertito: x3<12    x<72x - 3 < \tfrac{1}{2} \iff x < \tfrac{7}{2}.

Intersezione con CE: 3<x<723 < x < \tfrac{7}{2}, cioè x(3;72)\boxed{x\in \left(3;\tfrac{7}{2}\right)}.

Collegamenti

Argomenti: Funzione logaritmica
Concetti: Condizioni di esistenza · Disequazioni logaritmiche · Logaritmo · Monotonia
Funzioni: Funzione logaritmica
Competenze: Ragionare per casi · Risolvere disequazioni

When one “removes” the logarithms from an inequality, the direction of the inequality between the arguments depends on the base.

Property — Direction and base

logaf(x)logag(x)\log_a f(x) \lessgtr \log_a g(x) is equivalent, within the ECs (f,g>0f, g > 0), to:

  • f(x)g(x)f(x) \lessgtr g(x) if a>1a > 1 (same direction);
  • f(x)g(x)f(x) \gtrless g(x) if 0<a<10 < a < 1 (direction reversed).

Example — log1/2(x3)>1\log_{1/2}(x-3) > 1

EC: x3>0    x>3x - 3 > 0 \iff x > 3.

Uniform writing: 1=log1/2(1/2)1 = \log_{1/2}(1/2). Hence log1/2(x3)>log1/2(1/2)\log_{1/2}(x-3) > \log_{1/2}(1/2).

Base <1<1, direction reversed: x3<12    x<72x - 3 < \tfrac{1}{2} \iff x < \tfrac{7}{2}.

Intersection with the EC: 3<x<723 < x < \tfrac{7}{2}, that is x(3;72)\boxed{x\in \left(3;\tfrac{7}{2}\right)}.

Topics: Logarithmic function
Concepts: Existence conditions · Logarithmic inequalities · Logarithm · Monotonicity
Functions: Logarithmic function
Skills: Reason by cases · Solve inequalities

Anche per il logaritmo, base minore di 11 implica verso invertito (e l’argomento deve restare >0>0). I cinque esempi seguenti coprono i casi standard.

Esempio — log1/3(x+1)2\log_{1/3}(x+1)\le 2

CE: x+1>0    x>1x+1>0\iff x>-1. Riscrivo 2=log1/3(1/9)2=\log_{1/3}(1/9): log1/3(x+1)log1/3(1/9).\log_{1/3}(x+1)\le\log_{1/3}(1/9). Base <1<1, verso invertito: x+11/9    x8/9x+1\ge 1/9 \iff x\ge -8/9. Intersezione con CE: x8/9\boxed{x\ge -8/9}.

Esempio — Base decimale 1/101/10

log1/10(2x3)>1\log_{1/10}(2x-3)>-1. CE: 2x3>0    x>3/22x-3>0\iff x>3/2. Con 1=log1/10(10)-1=\log_{1/10}(10): log1/10(2x3)>log1/10(10)    2x3<10    x<13/2.\log_{1/10}(2x-3)>\log_{1/10}(10) \iff 2x-3<10 \iff x<13/2. Intersezione: 3/2<x<13/2\boxed{3/2<x<13/2}.

Esempio — Sostituzione con base <1<1

(log1/2x)23log1/2x+20(\log_{1/2}x)^2 - 3\log_{1/2}x + 2 \ge 0. Pongo t=log1/2xt=\log_{1/2}x (con CE x>0x>0): t23t+20    t1t2.t^2-3t+2\ge 0 \iff t\le 1 \vee t\ge 2. Torno a xx:

  • log1/2x1    x1/2\log_{1/2}x\le 1 \iff x\ge 1/2 (verso invertito, base <1<1);
  • log1/2x2    x1/4\log_{1/2}x\ge 2 \iff x\le 1/4 (verso invertito).

Insieme con CE (x>0x>0): 0<x1/4x1/2\boxed{0<x\le 1/4 \vee x\ge 1/2}.

Esempio — Confronto di due log base <1<1

log1/4(x2)>log1/4(3x7)\log_{1/4}(x-2)>\log_{1/4}(3x-7). CE: x2>0x-2>0 e 3x7>0    x>7/33x-7>0\iff x>7/3. Base <1<1, verso invertito: x2<3x7    5<2x    x>5/2x-2<3x-7 \iff 5<2x \iff x>5/2. Intersezione con CE: x>5/2\boxed{x>5/2}.

Esempio — Confronto a 00

log0,5(x24)>0\log_{0,5}(x^2-4)>0. CE: x24>0    x<2x>2x^2-4>0\iff x<-2\vee x>2. Con 0=log0,510=\log_{0,5}1, base <1<1, verso invertito: x24<1    x2<5    5<x<5x^2-4<1 \iff x^2<5\iff -\sqrt{5}<x<\sqrt{5}. Intersezione con CE: 5<x<22<x<5\boxed{-\sqrt{5}<x<-2 \vee 2<x<\sqrt{5}}.

Collegamenti

Argomenti: Funzione logaritmica
Concetti: Condizioni di esistenza · Disequazioni logaritmiche · Logaritmo
Funzioni: Funzione logaritmica
Competenze: Ragionare per casi · Risolvere disequazioni

For the logarithm too, a base less than 11 implies a reversed direction (and the argument must remain >0>0). The five examples that follow cover the standard cases.

Example — log1/3(x+1)2\log_{1/3}(x+1)\le 2

EC: x+1>0    x>1x+1>0\iff x>-1. I rewrite 2=log1/3(1/9)2=\log_{1/3}(1/9): log1/3(x+1)log1/3(1/9).\log_{1/3}(x+1)\le\log_{1/3}(1/9). Base <1<1, direction reversed: x+11/9    x8/9x+1\ge 1/9 \iff x\ge -8/9. Intersection with the EC: x8/9\boxed{x\ge -8/9}.

Example — Decimal base 1/101/10

log1/10(2x3)>1\log_{1/10}(2x-3)>-1. EC: 2x3>0    x>3/22x-3>0\iff x>3/2. With 1=log1/10(10)-1=\log_{1/10}(10): log1/10(2x3)>log1/10(10)    2x3<10    x<13/2.\log_{1/10}(2x-3)>\log_{1/10}(10) \iff 2x-3<10 \iff x<13/2. Intersection: 3/2<x<13/2\boxed{3/2<x<13/2}.

Example — Substitution with base <1<1

(log1/2x)23log1/2x+20(\log_{1/2}x)^2 - 3\log_{1/2}x + 2 \ge 0. I set t=log1/2xt=\log_{1/2}x (with EC x>0x>0): t23t+20    t1t2.t^2-3t+2\ge 0 \iff t\le 1 \vee t\ge 2. I go back to xx:

  • log1/2x1    x1/2\log_{1/2}x\le 1 \iff x\ge 1/2 (direction reversed, base <1<1);
  • log1/2x2    x1/4\log_{1/2}x\ge 2 \iff x\le 1/4 (direction reversed).

Together with the EC (x>0x>0): 0<x1/4x1/2\boxed{0<x\le 1/4 \vee x\ge 1/2}.

Example — Comparison of two logs with base <1<1

log1/4(x2)>log1/4(3x7)\log_{1/4}(x-2)>\log_{1/4}(3x-7). EC: x2>0x-2>0 and 3x7>0    x>7/33x-7>0\iff x>7/3. Base <1<1, direction reversed: x2<3x7    5<2x    x>5/2x-2<3x-7 \iff 5<2x \iff x>5/2. Intersection with the EC: x>5/2\boxed{x>5/2}.

Example — Comparison with 00

log0,5(x24)>0\log_{0,5}(x^2-4)>0. EC: x24>0    x<2x>2x^2-4>0\iff x<-2\vee x>2. With 0=log0,510=\log_{0,5}1, base <1<1, direction reversed: x24<1    x2<5    5<x<5x^2-4<1 \iff x^2<5\iff -\sqrt{5}<x<\sqrt{5}. Intersection with the EC: 5<x<22<x<5\boxed{-\sqrt{5}<x<-2 \vee 2<x<\sqrt{5}}.

Topics: Logarithmic function
Concepts: Existence conditions · Logarithmic inequalities · Logarithm
Functions: Logarithmic function
Skills: Reason by cases · Solve inequalities

Un chiarimento cruciale sul rapporto tra inversione del verso e condizioni di esistenza.

Attenzione — Le CE si verificano sempre, anche con base <1<1

Il cambio di verso riguarda solo il passaggio da logaf<logag\log_a f<\log_a g a ff vs gg. Le condizioni di esistenza (f>0, g>0f>0,\ g>0) restano invariate: non si invertono mai. È un errore comune scrivere "f<0f<0" dopo aver invertito il verso: no, le CE vivono in un mondo a parte.

Collegamenti

Argomenti: Funzione logaritmica
Concetti: Condizioni di esistenza · Disequazioni logaritmiche · Logaritmo
Funzioni: Funzione logaritmica

A crucial clarification on the relationship between reversal of the direction and existence conditions.

Warning — The ECs hold always, even with base <1<1

The change of direction concerns only the passage from logaf<logag\log_a f<\log_a g to ff vs gg. The existence conditions (f>0, g>0f>0,\ g>0) remain unchanged: they are never reversed. It is a common mistake to write "f<0f<0" after having reversed the direction: no, the ECs live in a world of their own.

Topics: Logarithmic function
Concepts: Existence conditions · Logarithmic inequalities · Logarithm
Functions: Logarithmic function